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图书在版编目（CIP）数据基础英语写作/赵文书,张洁编著.—南京:南
京大学出版社,2020.9ISBN　9787305241130Ⅰ.　①基…Ⅱ.　①赵…②张…Ⅲ.　①英语－写作－
高等学校－教材Ⅳ.　①H319.36中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2020）第265605号
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出版人金鑫荣书名基础英语写作
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图书销售部门联系调换基础英语写作前言前言
英语教育日益普及，英语教学越来越重视写、说、译等语言应用技能的训练。英文写作一度只对英语专业的学生做出要求，但现在已是对各类英语学习者的普遍要求。写作项目在各种英语考试中占有越来越重要的地位。我们曾编写过英语专业写作系列教材《大学英文写作》，被不少高校采用。很多使用者给我们提供了宝贵的反馈意见，他们对教材内容体系给予充分肯定，但认为该教材全部用英语编写，起点较高，希望能有一本入门性的写作教材，这便是我们编写这本《基础英语写作》的缘起。为适应初学者的需要，《基础英语写作》用中文讲解，以英文为例，便于读者理解和掌握基本的英文写作技巧。这本教材内容的编写遵照从句子到段落、从段落到篇章的循序渐进的过程，与同类教材一致。我们在编写过程中不追求写作技能体系的完整，而是本着适用为主、够用为度的原则，以中国的英语学习者在初学写作过程中的常见问题为重点，根据一个学年的教学工作量安排教材内容，重点突出，具有针对性。不少初学英语写作者认为英文作文是中文作文的翻译版，其实不然。中文作文能够写得好当然有助于英文写作，但英文写作在句子结构、段落安排、篇章布局等方面与中文作文都有很大区别。针对这种情况，我们在写作技巧讲解中尽可能地突出强调英汉两种语言在写作上的区别，以便读者能够更清楚地理解和把握这些差异，写出符合英语表达习惯的作文。很多英语学习者学习写作的目的是为了通过考试，平时并不练习英文写作，只是在临考前找一本应试写作辅导书，背几个句式和几篇范文来应急。通过考试当然是很重要的，应试辅导书也有其实用之处，但这种临时抱佛脚的做法既扭曲了考试的初衷，也不利于个人的事业发展。我们希望，通过本教材的学习，学习者能实实在在地了解和掌握一些初步的英文写作技能，能够在工作和生活中通过书面英语进行表达和交流；我们相信，学习者如果能做到这一点，也必定能在写作考试中应付自如。本教材以句子、段落、篇章、修辞为基本框架，逐项讲解写作中最常用的技能。教材中每章正文前扼要点明本章学习重点，每节后附有“本节要点”，帮助学习者总结、把握重点内容。教材中的每项写作技能都配有适量的练习题，帮助学习者训练和检查学习内容，锻炼实际写作能力。书中另辟一章，专门讲解实用写作，介绍常见英语应用文的格式和写法，并介绍英语考试中常见作文题型和应试技巧，培养常见应用文写作能力和应试能力。本教材适用于高职高专、网络学院、自学考试的英语专业的写作教学，适用于非英语专业的大学英语写作教学，也可供初学英文写作的广大英语学习者作学习参考。本书的编写和出版得到了南京大学出版社杨金荣先生和董颖女士的大力支持，康文凯女士仔细校阅了全书并提出了文字修改意见，特此致谢。
赵文书
〖BG（!〗〖BHDDG260mm,DK185mmD〗〖ＢＨＤＤＧ７mm，ＷＫＺＱ０Ｗ〗〖ＳＱ０〗〖HT6CQ〗南京开卷：　〖HTK〗二校样〓《基础英语写作》〓成品尺寸：　１85mm×260mm〓33字×38行〖ＪＹ〗B09〖ＨＴ〗〖ＳＴ〗〖ＳＴ〗〖ＷＴ〗〖ＨＪ〗〖BG）Ｗ〗基础英语写作第一章句子写作要点第一章句子写作要点
用英语写文章，仅仅掌握一定的英语词汇是不够的。我们必须能够把已经掌握的词汇串成符合英语表达习惯的句子，并把句子按照一定的规则连成段落，最后根据我们所要表达的思想，把各段落连接起来，形成一篇文章。
若想写好文章，就必须写好段落；若想写好段落，首先必须写好句子。什么样的句子才是好句子？怎样才能写出正确而又得体的句子？这是本章讨论的重点。
本章中我们将学习以下内容：
句子的定义
句子类型
句子合并
句子简化
句子的多样性第一节句子类型
句子（sentence）是能够表达完整思想的基本语法单位，通常由一个或多个分句构成。每个分句（clause）至少包含两个部分：主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）。分句分为独立分句（independent　clause）和非独立分句（dependent　clause）两种。独立分句是可以单独成句的分句。1.　Jenny　has　been　a　teacher　for　over　3　years.
2.　Write　down　your　answer　now，　although　you　may　want　to　change　it　later.
3.　Because　you　never　complain，　people　think　you　are　satisfied.上面的例句中，例1是独立分句。例2和例3中，下划直线的部分是独立分句；下画波浪线的部分不是独立分句，它们是非独立分句。
非独立分句是由when，　who，　while，　if，　because　等从属连词（subordinating　conjunction）引导的分句；非独立分句不能独立成句，因为它不能表达一个完整的思想。非独立分句是独立分句的附属品，也称为从属分句或从句（subordinate　clause）。
按结构划分，句子可以分为简单句（simple　sentence）、并列句（compound　sentence）、复合句（complex　sentence）和并列复合句（compoundcomplex　sentence）四种类型。
1.1.1简单句
简单句由一个独立分句组成，句中至少包含一个主语和一个谓语动词。如：4.　Henry　seems　unhappy　now.
5.　Henry　seems　unhappy　and　doesnt　know　what　to　do　next.
6.　Henry　and　Susan　seem　unhappy　after　their　quarrel.在例4～6中，下画单横线的部分是句子的主语部分，下划双横线的部分是句子的谓语部分。
写句子的时候要注意：句首的字母要大写，句末要有标点符号。句末标点有：句号（.）、问号（?）和感叹号（!）。如：7.　What　is　in　the　box?
8.　Jane　was　a　powerful　woman.
9.　Do　your　homework!
10.　Would　you　pass　me　the　salt?
11.　What　a　fine　day　it　is!（例9是一个祈使句，省略了主语you。）
一个完整的句子必须至少有一个谓语动词，例12～14句中都缺少谓语动词，属于不完整句（fragment）。12.　In　order　not　to　be　late　for　school.
〖BG（!〗〖BHDDG260mm,DK185mmD〗〖ＢＨＤＤＧ７mm，ＷＫＺＱ０Ｗ〗〖ＳＱ０〗〖HT6CQ〗南京开卷：　〖HTK〗二校样〓《基础英语写作》〓成品尺寸：　１85mm×260mm〓33字×38行〖ＪＹ〗B09〖ＨＴ〗〖ＳＴ〗〖ＳＴ〗〖ＷＴ〗〖ＨＪ〗〖BG）Ｗ〗基础英语写作参　考　答　案参　考　答　案
第一章
第一节
Exercise　1
Independent　clauses：　1，2，3，5，7，9，10
Dependent　clauses：　4，6，8
Exercise　2
1.　A　rolling　stone　gathers　no　moss.　（S）
2.　Louise，　my　new　neighbor，　greeted　her　28th　birthday　yesterday.　（S）
3.　Life　in　the　valley　is　highly　organized，　and　each　plant　and　animal　is　dependent　on　the　entire　system.　（C）
4.　Like　many　other　shy　girls，　she　was　reluctant　to　deliver　a　speech　in　public.　（S）
5.　Frankie　and　Johnny　were　lovers.　（S）
6.　The　farmers　feared　the　crops　would　be　endangered，　for　the　temperature　had　dropped　quickly.　（C）
7.　The　rain　had　stopped，　but　the　wind　was　extremely　strong.　（C）
8.　Australia　is　known　for　its　golden　wattle，　kangaroos　and　boomerangs.　（S）
9.　The　sound　of　footsteps　were　heard　now，　and　Philip　stepped　into　the　gallery.　（C）
10.　The　tornado　blew　the　houses　down　and　destroyed　the　village.　（S）
Exercise　3
Simple　sentences：　2，3，5，7，9，11，12，13，15
Compound　sentences：　6，10
Complex　sentences：　4，8，14
Compoundcomplex　sentences：　1
Exercise　4
1.　which2.　and3.　however4.　or/otherwise5.　who6.　as7.When8.What
9.　that10.　so11.　who12.　unless13.　If14.　whom15.　where
第二节
Exercise　1
1.　but2.　however3.　so4.　and5.　besides6.　consequently7.　who
8.　which9.　Before10.　When
Exercise　2
1.　My　niece　is　studying　medicine，　but　my　nephew　is　majoring　in　politics.／My　niece　is　studying　medicine，　and　my　nephew　is　majoring　in　politics.／My　niece　is　studying　medicine;　my　nephew　is　majoring　in　politics.
2.　We　are　watering　the　crops，　for　we　havent　had　any　rain　for　nearly　a　month.
3.　I　dont　have　a　pen，　so　I　write　with　a　pencil　instead.
4.　Many　people　enjoy　Byrons　poems;　however，　some　critics　dislike　his　works.／Many　people　enjoy　Byrons　poems，　but　some　critics　dislike　his　works.
5.　Susan　lives　across　the　street，　and　she　often　walks　to　work　with　me.／Susan　lives　across　the　street;　she　often　walks　to　work　with　me.
Exercise　3
1.　Dr.　Robert　Ballad，　who　was　a　famous　underwater　explorer，　designed　a　new　underwater　robot.／Dr.　Robert　Ballad，　who　designed　a　new　underwater　robot，　was　a　famous　underwater　explorer.
2.　What　was　thought　to　be　one　of　Titanics　propellers　was　found　to　be　a　rock.
3.　Even　though　its　going　to　rain　tomorrow，　they　will　visit　the　Great　Wall.
4.　The　students　are　given　some　learning　strategy　training　so　that　they　will　know　how　to　study　efficiently.／The　students　who　are　given　some　learning　strategy　training　will　know　how　to　study　efficiently.
5.　The　earlier　expeditions　had　searched　for　the　wreck　in　vain　because　they　were　poorly　equipped.／The　earlier　expeditions，　which　were　poorly　equipped，　had　searched　for　the　wreck　in　vain.
6.　The　manager　asks　me　to　go　to　his　office，　where　he　is　waiting　for　me.／The　manager，　who　asks　me　to　go　to　his　office，　is　waiting　for　me　there.
7.　She　started　to　speak　when　Joes　book　fell　to　the　floor　with　a　loud　crash.
8.　Franklin　Roosevelt，　who　had　an　excellent　voice，　delivered　many　important　speeches　over　the　radio.／Franklin　Roosevelt，　who　delivered　many　important　speeches　over　the　radio，　had　an　excellent　voice.
9.　The　house，　which　had　been　built　nearly　a　century　ago，　was　very　shabby　and　weatherbeaten.／The　house，　which　was　very　shabby　and　weatherbeaten，　had　been　built　nearly　a　century　ago.／The　house　was　very　shabby　and　weatherbeaten　because　it　was　built　nearly　a　century　ago.
10.　Children　like　western　movies　in　which　there　is　much　action.／Children　like　western　movies　because　there　is　much　action　in　them.
Exercise　4
1.　When　the　baby　fell　asleep，　her　mother　stood　up　and　walked　out　of　the　room　quietly.
2.　Anne　worked　hard;　however，　she　did　not　get　good　scores　in　the　test.
3.　Our　history　teacher，　who　was　very　experienced，　told　us　how　to　memorize　historical　facts.／Our　history　teacher，　who　told　us　how　to　memorize　historical　facts，　was　very　experienced.
4.　Have　you　decided　who　will　be　the　candidate?
5.　She　is　going　to　spend　the　summer　in　Qingdao，　where　she　has　some　relatives.
6.　He　continued　to　try　although　he　knew　he　was　doomed　to　failure.
7.　After　I　had　finished　two　years　of　high　school，　I　went　into　the　army.
8.　When　I　drive　my　car，　I　make　every　effort　to　obey　the　traffic　signs.
9.　After　Betty　had　finished　writing　A　Tree　Grows　in　Brooklyn，　she　started　on　her　second　novel.／Betty　had　finished　writing　A　Tree　Grows　in　Brooklyn　before　she　started　on　her　second　novel.
10.　The　boy　cried　when　he　heard　that　he　could　not　go　to　the　circus.／The　boy　cried　because　he　heard　that　he　could　not　go　to　the　circus.
第三节
Exercise　1
1.　Corn，　a　North　American　plant，　is　now　grown　in　many　parts　of　Europe.
2.　Automobiles，　once　a　symbol　of　wealth，　are　now　very　common.
3.　Turn　left　at　the　third　traffic　light.
4.　I　want　to　try　this　on　to　make　sure　it　fits.
5.　Without　making　any　noise，　we　entered　the　very　dark　house.
6.　In　the　spring，　we　go　out　to　the　lake　every　Sunday.
7.　Having　already　eaten　three　pieces　of　pie，　I　politely　refused　to　take　another　one.
8.　Mr.　Stern，　my　supervisor，　encouraged　me　to　prepare　myself　for　a　higher　position.
9.　Tony　is　a　very　talented　pianist.
10.　Bill　entered　the　room，　looking　about　him　suspiciously.
Exercise　2
1.　Gordon　took　a　relaxing　vacation.
2.　How　could　this　situation　come　to　be?／How　could　this　state　of　affairs　come　to　be?
3.　The　child　touched　the　snake　reluctantly.
4.　Residents　were　very　angry　about　the　proposed　water　tax.
5.　We　are　reviewing　the　proposal.
6.　Newspaper　reporters　should　not　invade　peoples　privacy.
7.　It　is　essential　to　consider　the　projects　final　cost.／We　must　consider　the　projects　final　cost.
8.　It　is　undeniable　that　laborsaving　devices　have　greatly　freed　us　from　housework.
9.　Today　the　vacuum　cleaner　does　all　the　cleaning.
10.　Why　do　people　pay　good　money　to　buy　expensive　electric　appliances?／Why　do　people　spend　their　hardearned　dollars　buying　expensive　electric　appliances?
第四节
Exercise　1
1.　L.　Periodic　Sentence：　If　you　want　to　avoid　mistakes，　you　must　follow　the　directions　carefully.
2.　B.
3.　B.
4.　P.　Loose　sentence：　The　classroom　emptied　quickly　when　the　bell　rang　at　twelve　oclock.
5.　P.　Loose　sentence：　Surveys　of　people　who　have　become　successful　show　little　or　no　relationship　between　the　two　although　some　people　think　that　success　in　school　is　a　good　indication　of　success　in　later　life.
6.　L.　Periodic　sentence　Because　weve　not　seen　the　Clarks　for　more　than　two　weeks,　they　must　have　gone　away　for　the　holidays.
7.　L.　Periodic　sentence：　After　I　have　finished　my　homework　in　the　evening，　I　usually　read　books.
8.　P.　Loose　sentence：　He　visited　the　Summer　Palace　on　the　last　day　of　his　visit　to　Beijing.
9.　P.　Loose　sentence：　The　marchers　passed　in　review，　with　the　trumpets　blaring，　the　drums　booming，　and　the　children　screaming　their　wild　delight.
10.　L.　Periodic　sentence：　Even　though　our　car　had　a　flat　tire　and　it　had　started　to　rain，　everyone　was　laughing.
Exercise　2
1.　Under　no　circumstances　should　I　give　up.
2.　At　the　end　of　the　road　is　a　park.
3.　Weather　permitting，　well　go　boating　tomorrow.
4.　To　achieve　this　aim，　we　must　learn　from　the　developed　countries.
5.　To　make　good　furniture，　we　need　to　have　right　tools.
6.　Since　returning　from　abroad，　hes　been　busy　doing　research.
7.　Standing　on　the　top　floor，　we　can　see　the　whole　campus.
8.　Taking　a　key　out　of　her　pocket，　she　opened　the　door.
9.　Luckily，　my　classmate　was　in　the　classroom.
10.　Obviously，　I　am　responsible　for　it.
Exercise　3
1.　While　dining　with　a　close　friend　in　a　restaurant，　we　ate　steaks，　drank　brandy，　and　talked　about　the　current　world　affairs.
2.　I　had　many　adventures　on　a　summer　day　when　I　was　wounded　by　an　illegal　firecracker，　fell　down　from　my　bicycle　and　leaned　against　an　electric　fence.
Exercise　4
1.　Science　fiction　writers　are　often　thinkers　and　dreamers　who　let　their　imaginations　wander.　Jules　Verne　was　one　such　writer.　He　predicted　spaceships　and　atomic　submarines　before　most　people　believed　airplanes　were　possible.
2.　After　radios　became　common，　horror　programs　broadcast　their　tales　of　terror　into　the　living　rooms　of　American　families.　Children　of　all　ages　were　grouped　around　the　radio，　listening　for　the　latest　story　of　monsters　and　strange　events.　Many　programs　scared　and　delighted　the　audience　from　different　parts　of　the　country，　from　different　occupations，　and　from　different　economic　and　social　groups.　For　instance，　The　Inner　Sanctum，　which　featured　a　creaking　door，　and　The　Fat　Man　who　had　a　madmans　laugh.
第二章
第一节
Exercise　1
My　girlfriend　Arlene　is　well　on　her　way　to　becoming　a　nervous　wreck.　Every　morning　she　rushes　from　the　dorm，　hardly　pausing　for　a　cup　of　coffee.　She　runs　to　French　class，　afraid　of　being　even　a　minute　late.　After　class　she　dashes　to　her　job　in　the　library，　but　once　she　arrives　she　gets　upset　if　there　is　nothing　waiting　for　her　to　file　or　reshelf.　At　lunch　she　eats　her　sandwich　in　five　minutes，　and　then　shes　back　to　work.　By　dinner　she　has　rushed　so　much　that　she　is　worn　out　from　exhaustion.　However，　she　feels　very　happy　in　the　evening.　She　ought　to　cut　down　on　her　work　and　slow　down　her　frantic　pace.
Exercise　2
1.　Many　games　share　a　number　of　characteristics　in　common.
2.　There　are　three　kinds　of　book　owners.
Exercise　3　Omitted.
Exercise　4　Omitted.
第二节
Exercise　1
Sentences　order：　9，　1，　8，　6，　4，　10，　5，　3，　7，　2
Exercise　2　Omitted
Exercise　3　Omitted
第三节
Exercise　1
1.　causal　analysis
2.　illustration
3.　classification
4.　comparison　and　contrast
5.　contrast;　causal　analysis
Exercise　2　Omitted
Exercise　3　Omitted
Exercise　4　Omitted
Exercise　5　Omitted
第四节
Exercise　1
（1）　First;　（2）　Then／Next;　（3）　Next／Then;　（4）　Finally
Exercise　2
Vegetables　were　very　abundant　at　the　time　and　were　grown　in　the　gardens　of　both　rich　and　poor.
改为：As　a　matter　of　fact，　vegetables　were　very　abundant　at　the　time　and　were　grown　in　the　gardens　of　both　rich　and　poor.
Exercise　3
1.　use　of　pronouns
2.　parallel　structure，　repetition　of　key　words
第三章
第一节
Exercise　1　Omitted.
Exercise　2　Omitted.
Exercise　3　Although　they　were　invented　almost　a　hundred　years　ago,　for　decades　cars　were　only　owned　by　the　rich.　Since　the　60s　and　70s　they　have　become　increasingly　affordable,　and　now　most　families　in　developed　nations,　and　a　growing　number　in　developing　countries,　own　a　car.While　cars　have　undoubted　advantages,　of　which　their　convenience　is　the　most　apparent,　they　have　significant　drawbacks,　most　notably　pollution　and　traffic　problems.【THESIS　SENTENCE】
The　most　striking　advantage　of　the　car　is　its　convenience.【TOPIC　SENTENCE　1】When　travelling　long　distance,　there　may　be　only　one　choice　of　bus　or　train　per　day,　which　may　be　at　an　unsuitable　time.　The　car,　however,　allows　people　to　travel　at　any　time　they　wish,　and　to　almost　any　destination　they　choose.
Despite　this　advantage,　cars　have　many　significant　disadvantages,　the　most　important　of　which　is　the　pollution　they　cause.【TOPIC　SENTENCE　2】Almost　all　cars　run　either　on　petrol　or　diesel　fuel,　both　of　which　are　fossil　fuels.　Burning　these　fuels　causes　the　car　to　emit　serious　pollutants,　such　as　carbon　dioxide,　carbon　monoxide,　and　nitrous　oxide.　Not　only　are　these　gases　harmful　for　health,　causing　respiratory　disease　and　other　illnesses,　they　also　contribute　to　global　warming,　an　increasing　problem　in　the　modern　world.
A　further　disadvantage　is　the　traffic　problems　that　they　cause　in　many　cities　and　towns　of　the　world.【TOPIC　SENTENCE　3】While　car　ownership　is　increasing　in　almost　all　countries　of　the　world,　especially　in　developing　countries,　the　amount　of　available　roadway　in　cities　is　not　increasing　at　an　equal　pace.　This　can　lead　to　traffic　congestion,　in　particular　during　the　morning　and　evening　rush　hour.　In　some　cities,　this　congestion　can　be　severe,　and　delays　of　several　hours　can　be　a　common　occurrence.　Such　congestion　can　also　affect　those　people　who　travel　out　of　cities　at　the　weekend.　Spending　hours　sitting　in　an　idle　car　means　that　this　form　of　transport　can　in　fact　be　less　convenient　than　trains　or　aeroplanes　or　other　forms　of　public　transport.
In　conclusion,　while　the　car　is　advantageous　for　its　convenience,　it　has　some　important　disadvantages,　in　particular　the　pollution　it　causes　and　the　rise　of　traffic　jams.【SUMMARY】If　countries　can　invest　in　the　development　of　technology　for　green　fuels,　and　if　car　owners　can　think　of　alternatives　such　as　car　sharing,　then　some　of　these　problems　can　be　lessened.
第二节
Exercise　1　Omitted.
第三节
Exercise　1
1.　The　thesis　sentence　of　the　essay：　For　me，　the　beach　has　always　been　a　place　of　effortless　ease.
2.　a.　The　topic　sentence　in　paragraph　2：　The　coast　became　a　source　of　leisure　and　a　symbol　of　freedom　when　I　was　still　quite　young.
b.　The　topic　sentence　in　paragraph　3：　There　was　even　more　to　come　before　bedtime.
c.　The　topic　sentence　in　paragraph　4：　Now　that　I　am　grown，　a　trip　to　the　beach　has　changed　into　a　dramatically　different　experience.
d.　The　topic　sentences　in　paragraphs　2　and　3　are　directly　related　to　the　thesis　sentence.　The　relationship　between　the　thesis　sentence　and　the　topic　sentence　in　paragraph　4　is　not　so　direct，　but　content　of　paragraph　4　supports　both　the　thesis　sentence　of　the　essay　and　the　topic　sentence　of　the　paragraph.　The　topic　sentence　in　paragraph　4　could　be　modified　to　relate　itself　more　closely　to　the　thesis　sentence.
3.　From　paragraph　2　to　paragraph　3，　the　development　of　the　descriptions　follows　time　order.　When　the　writer　moves　from　paragraphs　2　and　3　to　paragraph　4，　the　development　of　the　description　still　follows　time　order，　but　there　is　a　big　leap　in　time：　in　paragraphs　2　and　3，　the　author　describes　his　childhood　experience，　and　he　switches　to　his　adult　experience　in　paragraph　4.
4.　In　the　last　paragraph，　the　first　sentence　refers　back　to　the　thesis　sentence　in　the　first　paragraph.
5.　a.　Sight：　surfers　skimming　the　waves，　radiant　pinks　and　oranges
b.　Sound：　the　rhythmic　sound　of　waves
c.　Touch：　velvety　sand，　to　wet　my　feet　and　cool　myself　from　the　extreme　heat
6.　Figures　of　speech　used　in　this　essay：　metaphor　（velvety　sand），　simile　（darted　back　and　forth　like　fireflies）.
Exercise　2
1.　Lessons　the　story　reveals：　Friendship　requires　being　honest　every　day.　By　being　honest，　we　build　trust　and　show　loyalty　to　one　another.　In　keeping　our　friends　secrets，　we　display　honesty　by　keeping　our　word　not　to　tell　others.　Finally，　honesty　means　admitting　our　own　mistakes，　no　matter　how　painful　or　embarrassing　they　may　be.　（In　the　first　paragraph）
2.　Yes　，　it　is　logical　for　the　writer　to　draw　such　lessons　from　the　story.　/　No.　The　details　in　the　story　support　the　lessons.
3.　No，　the　story　is　not　told　in　strict　time　order.　It　is　told　in　inverted　time　order.　From　the　first　sentence　in　paragraph　2，　we　know　the　friendship　has　ended，　and　from　then　on　the　story　of　how　the　story　came　to　an　end　was　told　in　strict　time　order.
4.　The　second　paragraph　that　told　about　their　close　friendship　is　very　important　to　the　development　of　the　story.　This　paragraph　provides　a　contrast　to　the　breakup　of　their　friendship;　therefore，　it　helps　to　bring　out　the　painfulness　of　the　breakup　and　put　emphasis　on　the　lessons　that　the　story　wants　to　show.
Exercise　3　Omitted.
Exercise　4　Omitted.
第四节
Exercise　1
1.　The　thesis　sentence：　From　the　most　insignificant　to　the　most　important　moments　in　our　lives，　music　helps　make　our　experiences　complete　and　helps　us　remember　and　celebrate　our　heritage　as　part　of　rituals　and　in　everyday　events.
2.　Three　categories　of　examples　are　used　to　illustrate　the　power　of　music.　In　the　first　category，　“music　in　movies，”　one　example　is　used.　In　the　second　category，　“music　as　symbols，”　four　examples　are　provided.　In　the　third　category，　“music　in　rituals，”　three　examples　are　used.　They　all　support　the　thesis　statement.
3.　The　three　categories　of　examples　are　arranged　in　climatic　order.　Examples　in　the　second　category　（paragraph　3）　are　arranged　in　specificgeneral　order.　Examples　in　the　third　category　（paragraph　4）　are　arranged　into　different　categories　（category　order）.
4.　The　chief　means　of　transition　is　the　use　of　transitional　words　and　expressions.　Other　means　of　transition　include　the　use　of　parallel　structures　and　the　use　of　pronouns.
Transitional　words　and　expressions:　for　example,　on　the　other　hand,　finally.
Exercise　2
The　questions　in　this　exercise　are　subjective.　You　may　come　up　with　different　answers　to　each　question.　You　are　encouraged　to　discuss　the　questions　with　your　classmates　or　friends.
Exercise　3　Omitted.
Exercise　4　Omitted.
第四章
第一节
Exercise　1
1.　over2.　altered3.　closed4.　high5.　narrow6.　noise7.　persuade
8.　force9.　slim10.　under
Exercise　2
1.　formal
2.　fourscore，　forth，　conceived，　liberty，　dedicate，　proposition，　endure，　consecrate，　hallow，　detract，　devotion，　resolve，　perish
Exercise　3
Formal　wordsInformal　wordsdemonstrateshowassisthelpceasestopdepartgoopportunitychanceperspirationsweatresidencehouseincorrectwrongsufficientenoughinferiorbadinexpensivecheapfinallyin　the　endthereforesoExercise　4
1.　look：　gaze，　stare，　glare，　peer，　squint，　glance，　eye，　scan，　examine，　study，　inspect，　etc.
2.　laugh：　cackle，　chuckle，　giggle，　guffaw，　roar，　snigger，　snicker，　titter，　etc.
3.　go：　ride，　drive，　fly，　walk，　sail，　sneak，　crawl，　jump，　swim，　etc.
Exercise　5
Walking，　afternoon，　baby，　gazed，　Overhead，　opening，　fallen，　bird，　alive，　fluttering
Exercise　6
1.　outstanding2.　expression3.　investigation4.　deeply5.　aware
第二节
Exercise　1
1.　personification2.　simile3.　metaphor4.　personification5.　simile
6.　metaphor7.　simile8.　metaphor9.　simile，　personification10.　simile
Exercise　2　Omitted
Exercise　3
1.　raft：　a　simile　for　“work”
2.　a　sharkinfested　sea：　a　metaphor　for　“unemployment”
3.　on　the　raft：　a　metaphor　for　“having　a　job”
4.　moving　on　and　off　the　raft：　a　metaphor　for　“losing　jobs　occasionally”
5.　winners：　a　metaphor　for　“those　employed／at　work”
6.　losers：　a　metaphor　for　“those　unemployed／out　of　work”
Exercise　4
1.　bat2.　mouse3.　bird4.　fish5.　kitten6.　church　mouse7.　bull/horse8.　mule/donkey9.　cat/kitten10.　fish
第三节
Exercise　1
1.　The　second　sentence　is　a　fragment.
2.　The　second　sentence　is　a　fragment.
3.　fragment
4.　fragment
5.　runon
6.　runon
7.　faulty　parallelism
8.　fragment
9.　faulty　parallelism
10.　runon
11.　runon
12.　runon
13.　runon
14.　faulty　parallelism
15.　fragment
Exercise　2
1.　The　forest　seemed　endless.　We　had　no　idea　how　many　miles　we　had　walked.
The　forest　seemed　endless;　we　had　no　idea　how　many　miles　we　had　walked.
The　forest　seemed　endless，　and　we　had　no　idea　how　many　miles　we　had　walked.
2.　The　pizza　arrived　hot　from　the　oven.　Then　came　the　bill.
The　pizza　arrived　hot　from　the　oven;　then　came　the　bill.
3.　Phillip　hated　being　a　dentist.　He　never　liked　dealing　with　people.
Phillip　hated　being　a　dentist;　he　never　liked　dealing　with　people.
Phillip　hated　being　a　dentist，　and　he　never　liked　dealing　with　people.
Phillip　hated　being　a　dentist，　for　he　never　liked　dealing　with　people.
4.　One　of　us　is　bound　to　win.　I　hope　its　not　you.
One　of　us　is　bound　to　win;　I　hope　its　not　you.
One　of　us　is　bound　to　win，　and　I　hope　its　not　you.
One　of　us　is　bound　to　win，　but　I　hope　its　not　you.
5.　Harry　was　sure　he　could　fix　the　clock.　Unfortunately，　he　took　it　apart　better　than　he　put　it　back　together.
Harry　was　sure　he　could　fix　the　clock;　unfortunately，　he　took　it　apart　better　than　he　put　it　back　together.
6.　She　couldnt　decide　between　engineering　or　physics.　She　asked　a　counselor.
She　couldnt　decide　between　engineering　or　physics;　she　asked　a　counselor.
She　couldnt　decide　between　engineering　or　physics，　and　she　asked　a　counselor.
She　couldnt　decide　between　engineering　or　physics，　so　she　asked　a　counselor.
7.　The　application　was　sent　six　days　late.　Therefore，　it　was　turned　down.
The　application　was　sent　six　days　late;　therefore，　it　was　turned　down.
8.　Twenty　miles　was　too　much　of　a　hike　for　beginners.　Nevertheless，　Aunt　Emily　did　surprisingly　well.
Twenty　miles　was　too　much　of　a　hike　for　beginners;　nevertheless，　Aunt　Emily　did　surprisingly　well.
9.　Mules　are　stubborn.　They　simply　will　not　do　what　they　dont　want　to　do.
Mules　are　stubborn;　they　simply　will　not　do　what　they　dont　want　to　do.
Mules　are　stubborn，　and　they　simply　will　not　do　what　they　dont　want　to　do.
Mules　are　stubborn，　so　they　simply　will　not　do　what　they　dont　want　to　do.
10.　Marie　joined　the　army　to　travel　to　Europe.　However，　she　spent　her　four　years　in　New　York.
Marie　joined　the　army　to　travel　to　Europe;　however，　she　spent　her　four　years　in　New　York.
Exercise　3
An　American　architect　has　constructed　an　aquarium　in　the　Japanese　city　of　Osaka　to　give　his　visitors　the　experience　of　walking　around　the　entire　Pacific　Ocean　in　only　ninety　minutes.　What　is　this　marvel?　Its　called　“Ring　of　Fire.”　Because　the　aquarium　was　designed　to　look　like　the　Pacific　coasts　of　Asia，　the　United　States，　and　South　America，　it　features　a　1.4　milliongallon　tank　of　sea　water　and　also　includes　smaller　tanks，　which　represent　the　Pacifics　richest　coastal　areas.　The　water　is　brought　to　the　aquarium　from　the　Pacific　Ocean　by　tanker.　In　the　aquarium　swim　sea　otters，　penguins　and　giant　crabs.　Attracting　attention　is　a　giant　whale　shark，　as　well.　“Visitors　will　be　experiencing　a　sensation　of　floating　in　the　sea，”　hopes　Peter　Chermayeff，　the　designer　of　Osakas　incredible　new　aquarium.
Exercise　4
1.　Students　should　keep　themselves　politically　informed;　otherwise，　they　will　not　be　ready　for　the　world　of　work　and　responsibility　they　will　enter　upon　graduation.
2.　Loosen　the　string，　and　then　tear　open　the　parcel.
3.　As　soon　as　people　walk　into　Helens　apartment，　they　can　tell　that　she　owns　a　cat.
4.　When　I　went　back　to　my　dorm，　I　saw　the　mess　left　by　my　roommates.
5.　I　wrote　a　composition　at　twelve　oclock，　and　the　days　work　was　finished　at　last.
Exercise　5
1.　Ten　years　ago　the　mineral　rights　to　this　land　were　sold　to　a　mining　company.
2.　The　team　meets　every　Tuesday　to　discuss　their　new　plays.
3.　Neither　Fred　nor　Sam　expects　to　pass　the　exam.
4.　Everyone　has　his　or　her　own　opinion　about　nuclear　power.
5.　The　captain　told　the　wounded　soldier　to　lie　where　the　soldier　had　fallen.
6.　Father　ordered　my　brother　to　paint　the　front　doors　because　Father　didnt　want　to　do　it.
7.　Nancys　mother　is　a　hairdresser，　but　she　is　not　interested　in　becoming　one.
8.　Stuffed　into　the　bag　are　two　magazines　and　a　pile　of　newspapers.
9.　A　set　of　books　which　are　gifts　from　my　teacher　is　on　the　desk.
10.　The　collection　of　perfume　bottles　crowds　my　bookshelf.
Exercise　6
1.　One　of　the　women　could　not　find　her　purse.
2.　Someone　has　left　his　dictionary　in　the　classroom.
3.　“Who　is　it?”　I　asked　when　I　heard　the　knock　on　the　door.　“It　is　me/I.”
4.　When　I　saw　that　my　brother　had　so　much　work　to　do，　I　offered　to　divide　the　jobs　evenly　between　him　and　me.
5.　We　helped　more　than　they　did，　but　they　received　more　credit.
Exercise　7
1.　The　student　successfully　studied　engineering　and　medicine　to　become　a　biomedical　engineer.
那个学生工程学和医学学得不错，打算成为生物医学工程师。
The　student　studied　engineering　and　medicine　to　become　a　biomedical　engineer　successfully.
那个学生学习了工程学和医学，打算成为出色的生物医学工程师。
2.　Not　only　scientists　know　that　smoking　causes　cancer.
不光科学家知道吸烟导致癌症。（普通人也知道。）
Scientists　not　only　know　that　smoking　causes　cancer.
科学家不仅知道吸烟导致癌症。（他们不仅知道这一点，还采取行动，减小吸烟造成的危害。）
Scientists　know　not　only　that　smoking　causes　cancer.
科学家知道的不仅仅是吸烟导致癌症。（他们还知道别的知识。）
Scientists　know　that　not　only　smoking　causes　cancer.
科学家们知道，不仅仅吸烟导致癌症。（癌症还有其他原因。）
Scientists　know　that　smoking　not　only　causes　cancer.
科学家们知道，吸烟不仅导致癌症。（吸烟还有其他危害。）
Scientists　know　that　smoking　causes　not　only　cancer.
科学家们知道，吸烟引起的不仅只有癌症。（吸烟还引起其他疾病。）
Exercise　8
1.　We　must　make　careful　plans　to　be　successful.
2.　I　was　reading　the　funny　papers　when　my　aunt　dropped　in　for　a　visit.
3.　As　soon　as　I　saw　her，　my　desire　for　sleep　disappeared　completely.
4.　Knowing　none　of　the　other　people　in　the　office，　she　seemed　rather　lonely　（in　my　eyes）.
5.　She　was　delighted　because　a　date　was　arranged　for　Saturday　evening.
6.　Although　the　questions　are　easy　to　answer，　mistakes　are　sometimes　made.
7.　Asked　to　solve　the　problem，　youll　find　the　experience　helpful.
8.　To　reach　home，　I　have　to　take　a　twomile　walk.
9.　His　mother　was　very　strict　with　him　when　he　was　a　child.
10.　Credit　policies　were　changed　by　the　store　owners　to　increase　sales.
Exercise　9
1.　During　her　vacation　she　swam，　fished，　sailed　and　climbed　mountains.
2.　She　loved　watching　tennis　and　playing　it.
She　loved　to　watch　tennis　and　to　play　it.
3.　I　cant　decide　whether　to　have　the　complete　dinner　or　to　order　only　a　snack.
I　cant　decide　if　I　should　have　the　complete　dinner　or　order　only　a　snack.
4.　Young　Alvin　hates　not　only　mowing　the　lawn　but　also　helping　with　the　laundry.
5.　Aluminum　is　a　key　ingredient　in　building　aircraft，　ships　and　making　automobiles.
6.　The　police　officer　was　curious　and　helpful.
7.　Franks　dog　loves　rolling　in　the　mud　and　running　through　the　tall　grass.
Franks　dog　loves　to　roll　in　the　mud　and　run　through　the　tall　grass.
8.　On　her　day　off，　Dr.　Lewis　sat　around　the　house，　read　the　paper　and　thought　about　catching　up　on　her　paperwork.
9.　She　kept　in　shape　by　jogging　every　morning，　swimming　every　other　day，　and　playing　volleyball　every　week.
In　order　to　keep　in　shape，　she　jogged　every　morning，　swam　every　other　day，　and　played　volleyball　every　week.
10.　You　may　kill　time　by　either　watching　television　or　going　to　the　movies.
You　may　watch　television　or　go　to　the　movies　to　kill　time.
第四节
Exercise　1
1.　The　Declaration　of　Independence　was　proclaimed　on　July　4，　1776　in　Philadelphia，　Pennsylvania.
2.　The　sign　reads，　“No　right　turn.”
3.　Many　people　agree　that　they　dont　exercise　enough，　but　they　dont　seem　to　have　enough　will　power　to　change　it.
4.　In　evenings，　my　father　reads　the　newspapers，　or　he　takes　a　walk　down　to　the　corner　store.
5.　Tired　of　endless　rain，　Joan　moved　from　the　tropics.
6.　My　favorite　breakfast　foods　are　cereal，　English　muffins，　bacon　and　eggs，　and　orange　juice.
7.　As　a　matter　of　fact，　they　dont　sell　pizza.
8.　Discovering　a　leaking　tap，　he　telephoned　the　plumber.
9.　Their　farm　is　at　the　end　of　a　long　dead　end　road，　so　they　have　very　few　visitors.
10.　Because　the　train　was　an　hour　late，　she　didnt　come　on　time.
11.　She　explained，　“No　one　was　on　duty　on　the　weekend.”
12.　After　a　long　pause，　I　asked，　“Can　you　speak　English?”
13.　Gold　is　a　very　rare　metal，　yet　it　was　the　first　metal　to　be　discovered.
14.　Elena　Piscopia，　a　resident　of　Venice，　was　the　first　woman　to　receive　a　doctoral　degree.
15.　They　tried　to　keep　their　discovery　a　secret，　for　they　did　not　want　other　people　to　find　out　about　it.
16.　Although　most　travelers　to　the　United　States　are　lawabiding　people，　they　may　be　carrying　illegal　items.
17.　Recently，　a　new　device　has　been　developed　to　detect　food　smugglers.
18.　When　people　bring　fresh　fruit　back　to　the　United　States，　they　do　not　realize　the　dangers　involved.
19.　Elena，　who　had　prepared　carefully　for　her　questions，　completed　the　examination　easily.
20.　Many　wellknown　writers，　according　to　historical　records，　have　spent　time　in　jail.
Exercise　2
1.　Georgiana　is　sick.
Georgiana　is　sick!
2.　Can　you　spare　me　any　change?
3.　Will　you　explain　how　to　work　out　the　answer?
4.　Thats　illegal!
5.　He　often　asked　himself　why　he　had　become　a　nurse.
6.　The　car　costs　twelve　thousand　dollars.
The　car　costs　twelve　thousand　dollars!
7.　Stop　or　Ill　shoot!
8.　Please　let　us　know　when　she　arrives.
9.　When　will　the　shuttle　bus　come?
10.　The　ship　is　sinking.
The　ship　is　sinking!
Exercise　3
1.　The　little　boy　asked：“How　would　you　explain　this?”
2.　Peach　pie　is　my　favorite　dessert;　next　comes　cherry　vanilla　ice　cream.
3.　Most　runners　ignore　how　slim　their　chances　are　of　winning　the　New　York　Marathon：　about　1　in　26，000.
4.　The　corner　store　is　open　until　midnight：　thats　why　it　sells　well.
5.　A　first　date—sweet　or　not—stays　in　the　memory　forever.
6.　Postcards　are　more　than　a　means　of　communication;　they　are　miniature　works　of　art，　some　of　them　very　valuable.
7.　Roller　coasters　have　been　invented　for　a　long　time;　however，　todays　roller　coasters　barely　resemble　their　ancestors.
8.　The　students　demand　for　the　cafeteria　included　the　following：　better　menus，　nutritious　food　and　improved　services.
9.　In　the　Middle　Ages　nearly　everyone　believed—as　Aristotle　had—that　the　intellect　was　in　the　heart.
10.　Growing　tulips　quickly　became　popular　in　Holland;　it　became　a　mark　of　good　taste　to　have　a　garden　full　of　them.
Exercise　4
1.　A　snake　gave　Sherlock　Holmes　the　clue　for　his　mystery　story　“The　Speckled　Band.”
2.　Denise　had　never　heard　of　the　word　“organic”　used　in　that　way.
3.　Have　you　read　Robert　Burns　poem　“A　Red　Red　Rose”?
4.　“Accept”　and　“except”　sound　enough　alike　to　confuse　many　listeners.
5.　Her　first　published　article　is　entitled　“Where　the　Grass　is　Greener.”
6.　Susan　said　the　police　had　already　found　the　thief.
7.　The　manager　yelled，　“Bring　it　over　here　to　the　new　clerk!”
8.　“The　novel　is　worth　reading，”　the　old　woman　said.
Exercise　5
1.　Are　you　studying　for　Professor　Romans　music　class?
2.　Mark　Twain，　the　author　of　“The　Celebrated　Jumping　Frog　of　Calaveras　County，”　once　refused　to　invest　in　a　friends　invention—the　telephone.
3.　In　Pike　College　all　students　are　required　to　take　math，　biology，　English　and　history.
4.　Her　favorite　British　novel　is　Jane　Eyre.
5.　We　climbed　Mount　Greylock，　the　highest　point　in　Massachusetts.
6.　The　book　that　has　sold　the　most　copies　of　any　book　throughout　the　world　is　the　Bible.
7.　The　New　York　Times　does　not　carry　comic　strips.
8.　The　Italian　word　“ciao”　is　both　a　greeting　and　a　farewell.
第五章
第一节
Exercise　1
1.　Marty　Joyce
2.　Walter　Johnson
3.　Its　a　letter　of　thanks.　Marty　Joyce　thanked　Water　Johnson　for　allowing　him　to　visit　his　plant.　He　enjoyed　the　visit，　which　made　him　feel　certain　that　he　would　become　involved　in　computer　graphics　soon.
Exercise　2　Omitted
第二节
Exercise　1
Résumé
Name：QIN　Yuefeng
Gender：　Male
Date　of　birth：　July　20，　1990
Birth　place：　Nanchang，　Jiangxi　Province
Health：　Excellent
Marital　status：　Single
Home　address：　Apt.　202，　104　Zhongshan　Road，　Nanchang，　Jiangxi　Province　（330000）
Telephone：　13********
Email：　qinyf@126.com
Education
2008—2012Hunan　University
B.A.　in　Tourism　Administration
2002—2008No.　1　Middle　School，　Nanchang
Experience
2012—presenttour　guide，　Jiangxi　Youth　Travel　Agency
Hobbies
Mountaineering
Exercise　2　Omitted
第三节
Exercise　1
1.
May　31
Steve，
Your　father　called　you　at　3　oclock　when　you　were　out.　He　asked　you　to　call　back　when　you　come　back.
Richard
2.
Oct.　16